Using The Case Scenario Of Bertram Family Social Work Essay

Using The Case Scenario Of Bertram Family Social Work Essay Part 1: Indicate two sociological theories that can be used to help your understanding of the service users situation In taking the time to observe how sociological and psychological influences may impact on a service user or client group, the social worker can remain mindful of the wider context of a situation and not just take what she sees at face value. This knowledge allows the social worker to remain objective and to make informed decisions in order to maintain professionalism in her work. By applying Sociological and Psychological theory to the Bertrams case study I aim to explore the wider social context, outside influence and psychological implications from the past and present. Through this exploration I will uncover the varying viewpoints and sometimes contradictory nature of these theories. To gain a Sociological perspective on the case study I will be applying Functionalist and Feminist theories. I will be able to scrutinise the Bertrams current situation and apply the theory in order to gain a wider understanding of the social context. In order to maintain a balanced viewpoint, Psychod ynamic theory and Maslows hierarchy will enable me to consider the psychological impact with a focus on human and emotional development. By examining a situation from a Sociological perspective we can take into account how various aspects such as class, social structure, religion, disability can impact people from a wider social context. This is essential in gaining a holistic picture the situation. Functionalism By applying a Macro theory to the case scenario it allows us to look at the large scale features of society and how individual actions affect society as a whole and vice versa. Functionalism will enable me to contemplate the structure of society and how the Bertrams fit within that structure. Functionalist theorists regard society as a system with interlocking parts. It is believed that each part needs to function effectively in order for society, as a system, to work as a whole. It is often rationalised using biological analogy. The social role of individuals is an integral part of the theory. Each person is thought to have their individual role to play within society. From a functionalist perspective it is very clear that Mrs Bertram is not fulfilling her role as a wife. Due to her alzemers she is unable to carry out the duties that would have been expected of her. Durkheim believed that everyone had their place, and a womans place was in the home. In the context of the 40s, 50s wh en Functionalism was at its peak, this viewpoint would not have been uncommon, if a little out-dated by todays standards. None the less, it is not through choice that she has become dysfunctional within society. She has legitimate claim for not being able to carry out her societal role and Functionalism would automatically see her take on the sick role. This would enable her to function again within the system under a different guise. It could also be observed that Mr Bertram is a dysfunctional member of society. With his reckless behaviour, his outrageous spending, and the lack of care for his wifes basic needs he is no longer fulfilling his role of husband. A main proponent of Functionalism was Emile Durkheim (1858-1917). He saw marital vows as obligations. When I perform my duties as a brother, a husband or a citizen and carry out the commitments I have entered into, I fulfil obligations which are defined in law and custom which are external to myself and my actions (Durkheim, 1982). He believed that if a member of society was deemed as dysfunctional, then he was considered to be a deviant member of society. Deviance occurs when people are not functioning correctly, according to the norm. This could be through crime, or anything which affects their ability to carry out their societal role. Deviance needs to be controlled or managed. If it was established that Mr Bertram was in fact deviant then he may need some persuading that by providing the care and attention that his wife needs his wife would not be removed from the situation. Through this resolution, therefore, they would both be able to function appropriately. It could be observed that Mr Bertram had an alcohol dependency. If this was established then Mr Bertram too may take on the sick role. In which case a different method for resolving the issues within the house would need to be adopted. Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) believed that sickness was a social concept rather than a biological concept. So being ill meant acting in different, deviant ways to the norm. Being sick was therefore a form of social role (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Parsons believed the rights of a sick person to be exemption from normal social obligations, the right to be looked after and blamed for their social deviance as long as they were genuinely sick. Obligations of a person playing the sick role would be to understand that they have to get well as soon as possible in order to continue their normal function and in order to do this they must receive professional help. Mr Bertrams condition would need to be treated or managed in order to enable him to function ag ain. In that case Mr and Mrs Bertram would be able to stay at home under treatment and the issues about care could be dealt with accordingly. He would no longer be considered deviant member of society. A criticism of the sick role would be that it is very difficult to apply to long term illness like that of Mrs Bertram. It is built on the assumption that the person gain help in order to gain function. This would not be possible for Mrs Bertram. Feminism From a Radical Feminist perspective it could be observed that Mrs Bertram has been oppressed by her husband. Through her devotion and his dominance she has succumb to subordination. Radical Feminists use the patriarchal social system as a concept to explain gender inequality. Patriarchy is the dominance of men over women in society. They view men as responsible for the exploitation of women from which they benefit greatly, through free domestic labour, sexual duties and so on. The case study describes how Mrs Bertram was swept off of her feet and totally devoted to Mr Bertram. In their current situation, Mrs Bertram is at home in squalled conditions and desperately in need of help. Mr Bertram is avoiding the situation by using diversionary tactic, selfishly seeking social activity and pleasure through drink. This further increases her oppression as she is fully dependent on her husband to provide the care and attention which she is desperately in need of. Shulamith Firestone, an early radical feminist writer argues that men control womens roles in re-production and child bearing. Because women are biologically able to give birth to children, they become more dependent materially on men for protection and livelihood (Giddens, 2006). Feminists could argue that for this reason Mrs Bertram has become vulnerable within her setting and just accepts this way of life. Jessie Bernard argued that Men need marriage more than women (pg 208 Gender). Perhaps this reliance on the domestic labour, comfort and sexual duties of a wife, which has been lost my Mr Bertram through his wifes condition is attributing to his behaviour. Mrs Bertram is no longer fulfilling her duties as a wife and this could be disrupting his routine. It would appear that Mr Bertram has never had to control the household, take care of his wife or finances, and may lack the ability or may simply consider it beneath him. It could affect his masculinity to have to carry out such c hores and duties believed to be part of a womans role. This may also be the reason why he is reluctant to accept help with the situation. He may feel he is being barraged and dictated to by his step daughters which may be resulting in a greater defiance. It is not clear from the case study, the nature of their relationship either. He may feel that family and professionals are undermining his authority as head of the household. Mr Bertram may be compensating for his lack of masculinity at home, by using his social appearance, bravado, drinking and defiance. This time away from the house for him may reaffirm his role as a dominant male within society whilst his dominant role as a man disappears at home. He no longer has command over his wife, no longer gets respect, adoration that he was once used to. Men are considered to have more influence within society; Mr Bertram has no influence over this situation or over his wife. Part 2: Using the scenario describe two psychological theories that can be used to help your understanding of the service users situation Humanistic theory Maslows hierarchy of needs Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) argued that humans throughout life not only want to have their basic survival needs met they strive for more in terms of personal growth. He believed that once basic needs for survival had been met that human development progressed toward higher psychological needs. He argued that people are motivated by the conscious desire for personal growth (Rathus, 2004). Maslow believed what separated us from our so-called lower animals was our capacity for self-actualisation (Rathus,2004). He believed that this self- actualisation was as important as basic needs but could not be met unless other stages of human needs were completed. He organised these stages into the hierarchy of needs, often presented in pyramid format. Each stage must be satisfied in order to progress to the next. At the bottom of the hierarchy are physiological needs. These are the basic human needs we all have in order to survive, like food, water, shelter, oxygen. Once t he first basic need has been satisfied, the following stage is safety needs, the need for security. The following stage in the hierarchy is love and belonging; the need to give and receive love, to overcome loneliness and achieve a sense of belonging in life. The fourth stage is Esteem needs; to feel self-confident, respected and not to feel inferior. Self-actualisation is the final stage in the hierarchy and can only be reached when all foregoing needs are satisfied and the person feels he has achieved everything he wants to in life and is the best that he can be. In the case of the Bertrams it is clear that Mrs Bertram is currently not even meeting the bottom of Maslows hierarchy of needs. It is noted that their flat is in an appalling state, she is unable to feed herself and left on her own for most of the day. You would expect most of her needs to be met within the context of her marriage to Mr Bertram; however, since he has neglected his role as a husband, he has placed her in a position of significant danger. Since not even her basic physiological needs are being met in the current situation then at present there would not be an opportunity to progress through the hierarchy of needs. If Mrs Bertram was placed in residential care then her physiological needs would be met. She would have food, water and care of her basic needs. She could then perhaps progress to the following stage of safety. She would no longer be at risk of hurting herself and she would be in a more secure environment. Although it could be argued that for an advance Alzheimers sufferer, the unfamiliar setting would disorientate her and she might not actually feel secure there. Because of her diagnosis, Mrs Bertram is unlikely to meet the third stage of love and belongingness. Her advanced Alzheimers may mean that she fails to recognise her husband, family members and have a declining ability to communicate. Mrs Bertram would never reach self-actualisation. The best that could be achieved would be basic survival and safety needs, whether this was achieved at home with the compliance of her husband, or in residential care. Although it could be debated that residential care would not be the best opt ion. As the GP states in the case scenario, a move to residential care might well kill Mrs Bertram. It would appear from the case scenario that Mr Bertrams basic needs are being fulfilled. However it is uncertain as to whether his s safety and security needs are being met. He certainly would not get a sense of love and belonging from his wife, in the latter stages of sever dementia. I would observe, however, there is some attempt from Mr Bertram to achieve a sense of self-esteem, since he spends the majority of his time with his compatriots at the golf club. It is clear that in this relationship and the current situation faced by the Bertrams that he too has no way of reaching self-actualisation. Maslow observes that it is mainly social factors that hinder the personal growth of humans. Potentially at least the first two stages of Maslows hierarchy could be reached within the context of their marriage, with the right services in place. Psychodynamic theory Through the Psychodynamic theory of personality we could speculate about Mr Bertrams past and how that has influence on his behaviour in the present. It would be difficult to achieve a comprehensive result in regards to Mrs Bertram because of her Alzheimers. Since her behaviour is wholly attributed to her condition. Studying Sigmund Freuds (1856 1939) theories, with a focus on psychosexual development, would be the most relevant to apply to the case scenario. Psychodynamic theory had been developed and evolved over the years. Freuds idea of Psychodynamic theory depicted humans as largely driven by unconscious motives and desires. He proclaimed that humans come into conflict when their basic instincts come up against social pressure to follow, laws or moral codes. At first this conflict is external, but as we develop it becomes internalised (Rathus, 2004). Freud explains the conflict of personality using psychic structures. The id, which Freud believed is present at birth and located in the unconscious mind, and revolves around our basic biological drives and instincts. It operates on what Freud called the pleasure principle. It demands instant gratification regardless of laws or moral rules. Another feature in the structure of personality is the ego. Formed from the id, developed through learni ng and experience. This is the part where conscious thought takes place (Beckett and Taylor, 2010). The ego operates on the reality principle. This takes into consideration what is practical and possible in gratifying needs (Rathus, 2004). When the ego senses improper impulses arsing it can sometimes deploy a number of defence mechanisms. The third psychic structure is the superego. This is formed throughout early childhood and is developed through standards, values, parenting and moral standards. Psychodynamic theory emphasises the way in which the mind stimulates behavior, and both mind and behavior influence and are influenced by the persons social environment (Payne, 2005) Freud believed there were four stages in psychosexual development. The first stage took place during the first year of a childs life. This is known as the oral stage. Much of the childs development is explored by putting things into the mouth and sucking, biting chewing. Freud believed it was possible to have arrested development through trauma. And be fixated on one of the stages. From the case study we could surmise that Mr Bertram is fixated on the oral stage of psychosexual development through his drinking. We could speculate that he may have had a significant trauma at that stage which has left him with a possible alcohol dependency, thus fixated on the oral stage. It could perhaps be identified that Mr Bertram is using psychological defence mechanisms in order to avoid the situation that he is currently facing. Part 3: Reflect on your own background describe it and indicate 1 sociological and 1 psychological theory that can be applied to you, giving examples The relationship I have with my father has often been fraught, difficult and tense. As a sufferer of a severe mental disorder, my father has often displayed irrational, delusional, paranoid and sometimes violent behaviour. Throughout his life he has had frequent hospitalisation. For me this is something I have grown up with and am used to dealing with on a day to day basis. I am acutely aware of how our relationship differs to that of my friends for example. I have as close a relationship as possible with him, and to that end I usually bear the brunt of his paranoia and aggression when he is unwell. I have witnessed first-hand the stigma attached to mental illness. I find it extremely difficult to trust anyone enough to tell them about the situation, and I strongly feel I shouldnt have to tell everyone that meets him, this only leads to labelling him as mentally ill, thus changing the way in which they treat him; which only compounds his paranoia. Some Sociological theorists believe that mental illness is a social construction in order to rationalise bizarre or irrational behaviour that cannot be in any other way explained. This is known as labelling theory. Scheff (1966) argued that people are labelled as mentally ill because their behaviour does not make sense to others. Scheff points out that labelling of a person as mentally ill is facilitated by stereotyped imagery learned in early childhood and continually reaffirmed, inadvertently, in ordinary social interaction and through the mass media. Thus, when a persons violation of social norms or deviance becomes a public issue, the traditional stereotype of crazy person is readily adopted both by those reacting to the deviant person and, often, by the deviant person as well (Lamb. 2002). Erving Goffman suggests that when someone is labelled as mentally ill then they are treated differently. When an interaction takes place with that person it is with this knowledge of the menta l illness, therefore creating what Goffman called a spurious interaction (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). From a behaviourist view, Schizophrenia could be viewed as a kind of learned behaviour. From this perspective, people engage in schizophrenic behaviour when it is more likely to be reinforced than normal behaviour (Rathus, 2004). This could be the result of being raised in an unrewarding or punitive situation. It could also be observed that this kind of behaviour is reinforced within the hospital setting, where the schizophrenic behaviour is reinforced through attention from professionals within that setting. Cognitive theory argues that behavior is affected by perception or interpretation of the environment during the process of learning. Apparently inappropriate behavior must therefore arise from misinterpretation. Therapy tries to correct the misunderstanding, so that our behavior reacts appropriately to the environment (Payne, 2006) I believe the experiences I have had with my father give me the ability to understand mental illness without stigmatising. It also helps me empathise with the sufferer and the family. An empathetic approach to someone who was hearing voices for example, would be to understand that to the person affect, they are very real. I fully understand the importance of having the right services in place in order for that person to thrive. My experience allows me to observe the wider context of a situation and realise that it is not only the primary sufferer of the condition that is affected. The wider family needs to be considered as they have a huge role to play in the well-being of the person concerned.

My Antonia by Willa Cather Essay

Based on the novel, Jim Burden’s observation of Antonia and even the way he looks at her and interacts with her, it seems clear that he loved Antonia. He did not pursue her, however. Jim spent his childhood in his grandfather’s house in the prairie and spent a lot of time with Antonia. Eventually, in the second book, he spends more time with Antonia and also with the girls working in town. It is at this time that he notices the sexuality of Antonia. Hence, his descriptions of Antonia, and later of Lena, become charged with sexuality. Jim Burden’s relationship with Antonia remained platonic first, because Antonia put emphasis on the four years difference they had and looked down at Jim as her junior. Hence, Jim felt that Antonia looked down on him as a child. When he turned his attention to Lena Lingard, she decided to toy with the young man’s feelings. Antonia had to intervene to prevent Jim from being heartbroken. The relationship between Antonia and Jim remained platonic, at least on the surface. Jim did not see through the defenses set up by Antonia to prevent their being linked romantically together. But since Jim turned his attention to Lena, Antonia felt that she should protect the emotions of Jim. Jim and Antonia are connected with the threads of childhood and of the friendship of growing up together. But Jim, being an orphan and a man, has to study and pursue his dreams for himself. His education and the very act of pursuing his dreams stand in the way between him and Antonia. Years later when he goes back and finds Antonia with her husband and her ten children, he feels affectionate to them yet he adds a wistful longing by saying that Antonia and he â€Å"possessed together the precious, the incommunicable past. † In the end, that was what they shared together. Works Cited Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1954.

Purchasing Rhetorical Strategy Essay Samples

Purchasing Rhetorical Strategy Essay Samples Even though the argument is mostly based on the topic of animal farming, it attaches the maximum importance to people's level of meat consumption and wellness generally speaking. After all, almost nobody writes the ideal paper on the very first try. The question of the way to exist meaningfully in the universe looks suspiciously irrational in the very first location. To put it differently, just because two things happened one after the other it doesn't signify that the very first thing led to the second thing. The price is dependent upon the size and urgency. Using orange color in high contrast tends to entice the targeted audience as it can demonstrate the quantity and high quality of cheese that's being used to create the product. Do the exact same for more specific, particular outcomes. Simply take a look at the next example. There are a lot of tactics, or rhetorical strategies, that may be used to assist in persuasion. The refore, you should find and utilize unique practices or strategies to demonstrate the audience that you're right. Determine if one of these strategies fail and hurt the author rather than helping. His rhetorical strategies used were quite effective to the clergymen and lots of others who have had the chance to read it. Rhetorical Strategy Essay Samples - Is it a Scam? From time to time, folks utilize ad hominem arguments because they wish to appeal to people's emotions. Folks typically use this reasoning because it's simple and doesn't need a lot of thought or energy. Stay away from slang terms and lots of unnecessary words. Instead, you just want him to quit irritating you. Another is using jargon. The repetition in the above mentioned example does lay emphasis on the statement but doesn't alter the feeling of it. You need to comprehend their writing inside and out. You want to understand what makes the writing tick. Writing is a present that comes naturally. Begin with the author of the text and tell a bit about that individual and the way you might feel toward the author. While it's the case that there are a few excellent writers in college some find it extremely tricky to write. You are likely to love our work. You don't have to be concerned about your personal details that could be viewed, as we handle the matter on a safe network. The important questions which you should ask all of the time are almost rhetorical. New Questions About Rhetorical Strategy Essay Samples Writing a case of rhetorical analysis isn't your worst nightmare any longer! Remember your rhetorical analysis doesn't need to be all positive or all negative. A rhetorical analysis isn't a summary. It includes similar techniques. Describing the details on an ad may be a good starting point to start the analysis. You ought to go into reasons why you're apposed to it, which might involve just a little research. Information alluded in conclusion needs to be brief. In economics and several different fields, it is necessary to thoroughly look at all of the information available before making conclusions. The War Against Rhetorical Strategy Essay Samples At our essay assistance, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. There are essentially two different kinds of rhetorical essays. A rhetorical essay is similar to an engine. For a lot of them, a rhetorical analysis essay has become the most confusing portion of the assignment. Introductory paragraph always sets the tone of the full essay, so it must include all the principal ideas you're likely to discuss. So long as your paper winds up in a conventional essay format, you're golden. Opt for some of the strongest and most important to have in your paper. Get your ideal essay at this time! The Rhetorical Strategy Essay Samples Cover Up If you're talking about healthcare reforms, mentioned the prior achievements in that area and the value of the topic to the society. If you choose a speech or a sermon given by a prominent leader (there are a good deal of such speeches, and they're simple to be found) you can save yourself a great deal of time and make sure your analysis will result in the desired effect. Still, to produce the essay interesting and instructive, it's strongly suggested that you decide on some hot topics that interest the society at the moment. To compose a professional, high-quality rhetorical essay, it is essential to use unique appeals (logical, emotion and authority) to be able to demonstrate the audience that you're proficient in this issue. Racism is an important issue which shouldn't be followed in any nation. Speeches really stick out among others. Narratives concentrate on action.

Problem Of Overcrowding of Male Prisons - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2796 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Prison Overcrowding Essay Did you like this example?   Prison overcrowding has a number of sources.   The high rates of habitual relapse into crime are the most important source.   Among the many aches and pains for the Department of Corrections, among other problems, is prison overcrowding.   It is of my opinion that prison overcrowding is almost like a form of sickness that needs to be restored back to health, but in order for any illness to be healed the study of what causes the illness has to be of utmost importance.   In order to establish the cause of prison overcrowding, one has to look, by close scrutiny, at the foundational motives as to why crimes are committed.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Problem Of Overcrowding of Male Prisons" essay for you Create order The function of correctional services is not to punish but to deal with the behavior and attitude using different programs for treatment while indirectly dealing with prison overcrowding and violence.   When trying to create a reduction in the number of offenders the aim should not be to inflict punishment, but rather look at the factors that may have played a role in the offender committing that particular crime. Which would put him or her at risk for committing future crimes. The inmates that would most likely have a previous criminal record are the ones who has little or no education, has never been married or are either divorced, are unemployed, and poor and came from broken households.   Which may cause these individuals to attach themselve to other deviant people such as gangs, drug opperations,armed robborys, ect. Researchers believe that the social backgrounds from which the offender came, has some connection to why he or she commits crimes. The Lack of   reform and rehabilitative programs used by the Department of Corrections need to be revisited again because,   in order to decrease re-offenders the Department of Correctons must provide the resources in order for the inmate to become a better citizans. They also half to make rehilibitation plans that fit each and every individual offender situation.   If these programs are in synch with the different offender profiles then the Department of Corrections will be able to improve those individ uals who are in charge of its care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hidden issues that contribute to prison overcrowding one will come to the realization that there is a substantial amount of ex-prisoners who have reverted back to the commission of crimes.   Researchers would like to see the situation changed where correctional facilities do not get so overcrowded, and they would also like to see less ex-prisoners return only to be readmitted to the prison system. So many faucilities offer education programs, work trades, and cetificate programs.   Many offenders take advantage of the prison system in the United States and would like to have an impact on such change in this particular field, so that tax payers can get their money worth.   But do that make these offender better citizens and abide by the law? In my opinion no because a lot of jobs may not take a ex-convicted, and a person can not get financial aid to pursue a higher education to get a better job. Because they are charged with a non violent drug ch arges. Citizens who abide by the law on the other hand will be persuaded to continue doing so, and criminals will continue to be discouraged from committing criminal acts.   Our correctional facilities in the United States should be looked at as schools where offenders graduate as citizens who are law abiding and who have also learned to live a lifestyle free of crime making them socially acceptable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the surroundings in prison gets excessively distressing, it also begin to get harmful, and once inmates are released from prison, they transmit the effects or results of that harm straight back into the   free   world.  Ã‚   It is not only unpleasing and or awkward in correctional facilities that are bad, but these prisons can also be unhelpful and destructive.  Ã‚   Secondly, the single greatest significant influence that assist in explaining the present catastrophe in correctional facilities in the United States is the deficiency of treatments and programs that are effective. The determination of unsafe and poor conditions of imprisonment, and the use of vigorous, intense, and possibly harmful techniques of control in the institution.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If this issue had been tackled in an effective manner in earlier years overcroweding would not of beenas out of control as it is now.  Ã‚   The United States Supreme Court first confronted   the issue back then where they came up with the double-celling act in 1979,   which saw unparallel boosts in the use of imprisonment. In current history of corrections   this act is no longer working because now facilities are putting up to four people in a cell. making it harder for everyone to get there needs met and to keep themin a healthy facility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Two cases, Plata v. Schwarzenegger and Coleman v. Schwarzenegger, brought against the state, allege cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Both are long running cases, with the Coleman case dating back to 1995 with 77 substantive orders issued in an effort to fix the mental health system in California prisons. In October of 2005, the Plata court ordered the California prison healthcare system into receivership to establish a constitutionally adequate medical system.   In November of 2006 the plaintiffs in both cases filed a motion to convene a three-judge panel to limit Californias prison population as provided under the federal Prison Litigation Reform Act. On July 23, 2007, both the Plata court and the Coleman court issued orders to convene a three-judge panel in order to determine if a population cap should be placed on California prisons. Only one panel will be convened for both cases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prison systems and county jails across the Deep South are nearly all either at or over capacity, resulting in people being forced to sleep on the floor or in the dayroom, often with little opportunity to go outdoors for exercise or fresh air. SCHR has represented hundreds of men and women in class action lawsuits challenging the consequences of severe overcrowding: violence, excessive use of force by corrections officers unable to keep order in the chaos created by overcrowding, poor medical care, and intolerable living conditions. In an effort to ease overcrowding, the Fulton County Jail has began sending hundreds of inmates to southwest Georgia. This move is   meant to help the problem-plagued jail meet conditions of a federal court order, will send inmates to Pelham and to Decatur County. Fulton County illustrates the complex challenge when tracking inmate populations. The federal report showed a significant decline at Fultons jail which is under a federal court order to alleviate overcrowding by transferring inmates to other jails. The DOJ said Fulton had 2,271 inmates last June 30. In Fulton County Jails population are below the 2,250 mark, as stipulated in the court order.   By transfering inmates to other faucilities which will involve inmates who have been arraigned on felony charges and are awaiting trial. They will not include defendants facing a death penalty trial, such as courthouse shooting suspect Brian Nichols. Funding for a new jail may not be good political move; however, other local governing authorities calculate crime with regional population growth. Building or adding jail bed-space is common sense to avoid costly civil suits filed by litigious inmates. The old mindset of lock em up and throw away the key might be good tough talk, but how much lon ger can this mindset continue with a proposed 17% increase in property taxes?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elapsed timing other than what is reasonably needed for trial preparation is the real ill of jail overcrowding. The United States Constitution and Georgias Constitution are specific about delays of speedy trials. No matter how much the board of commissioners budget or how the Sheriff oversees day-to-day operations, the obligation of the next judge is to set an example by ensuring they enforce timeliness, accuracy and completenessof new and backlogged cases.   Guarantee of a speedy trial is not only a fundamental liberty; it keeps defendants from sitting in jail for an indefinite period, at the tax payers expense. When there is a delay in cases, judges must resort to constitutional justice by demanding prosecutors and defense counsel to justify the reason for the length of delay. But that doese not mean that they do because as one case closes ten more come in. making it difficult to make sure that ever single person is being tkaing care of in accordence of the law without any rights being violated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Researchers expect that the study of prison overcrowding will among other things be awareness and clear perception into the occurrence of punishment. With an observation of such attainable knowledge the correctional justice must come up with a plan to help these inmates to make the right choice not to return.   There will also be set understanding of the present rehabilitation programs with a view to critique the validness in connection to their goal or purpose and ultimately make suggestions about programs that would better address rehabilitation and reform programs, which will in turn reduce prison overcrowding.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The idea that large prisons produce more aggression and violence than prisons that are smaller may well have been bought about by the failure to split the outcome of size from the outcome of other factors.   For example, researchers found that U. S. populations that are larger have a tendency to be facilities that are maximum security and that security level had a close relation to the rate of homicide.   In addition, prisons that were larger had a tendency to be older with the ratio of inmate to staff being much higher, were more overcrowded, and were in urban areas.   In contrast to the assessment of prison offenses, a violence rate assessment comprised of a control for the types of offenders that were imprisoned in each facility.   The outcome of the study which consisted of 2,000 men who were tracked for a period of two years after they were released from prison illustrated that the size of the prison had no considerable correlation with the e ffectiveness of corrections.  Ã‚   In spite of this, there was an elevated relationship between rates of violence and overcrowding in prisons that proved to be negative.   Researchers were of the conclusion that a vital priority for government agencies should be to reduce prison overcrowding.   Overcrowding in correctional facilities can also echo right back throughout our system of criminal justice, generating issues in local jails.   Officials in correctional facilities may respond to situations of prison overcrowding by trying to decrease the speed in which they are keen or even capable to take in new inmates.  Ã‚   In severe cases, some facilities may   decline to even accept them period.   But the overcrowding that occurs as inmates are backed up in the criminal justice system, waiting to get transferred to correctional facilities, is by itself damaging in its own right.  Ã‚   Take for example, huge populations in prison may give rise mathematically to an increased demand for services,  Ã‚   increasing demand for services, with the worsening of correctional facilities due to the speed of prison overcrowding and additionally challenging the capability of correctional facilities to supply for essential human necessities.  Ã‚   Prison overcrowding seems to have particularly unfavorable effects on the conduct of younger inmates in the facility.   One study on the prison system in Texas noted that the larger the number of younger prison inmates in the facility then the rate of assaults and violations will be much more significant. Other research has shown some evidence for a collaboration outcome between the size of the prison and age.   Prisoners who are younger may be more vulnerable to the issues and control system in prisons that are huge than the inmates that are older or much more matured.   Another research study got almost the same results with general connections that showed a considerable relationship between how full the facility is, the number of total assaults, and prisoner assaults. The more inmates   overcrowding   prison, the more often the assaults will occur.   Inmates who are younger and inexperienced are likely to be more unstable ones. Unaware of their surroundings and the wil l to most likely respond in a hostile way to the stress, anxious enviorment will make keeping order in the jails impossible.and disagree PAGE 7ments that overcrowding and forms of incarceration. Drugs are a major issue along with the strict laws on first time nonviolent drug offenders.  Ã‚   We are leaving these people in prison for way to long.  Ã‚   Which is   overcrowding our prisons with first time drug and nonviolent offenders. When there should be sentencing these men and women to rehabilitation centers and counseling.  Ã‚   This should be the first option for the justice system to be considering instead of just locking these men and women up for two to five years and overcrowding the prisons.  Ã‚   These first timers need more help to improve their life, and throwing them behind bars is just giving them more criminal activity to learn then they did on the outside. The justice system should be taking severe nonviolent criminals with mental illness more seriously.  Ã‚   Instead of just locking them up and throwing away the key, there should be a lot more intense evaluations going on with mental illness with in these men and women.  Ã‚   This could solve a lot of the overcrowding if we could just take the time to place these men and women where they really need to be to receive some help.  Ã‚   This may be better than throwing them in prison where the violence and terror is even worse then on the outside for them.  Ã‚   These mental ill people with minor nonviolent offences can be dealt with in a much better way to help these individuals and the overcrowding issues. Prison alternatives are on the rise to try to accommodate the rising rates of prison overpopulation. The first boot camps began in the United States in Georgia and Oklahoma in 1983. The intention was to maximize deterrence, to reduce prison crowding, to reduce the rising costs of prison housing and to reduce relapse. Boot camps are intended to be less restrictive than prison but harsher than probation. They stress vigorous physical activity, drill and ceremony, manual labor, and other activities that ensure that participants have little, if any, free time. Strict rules govern all aspects of conduct and appearance. Correctional officers act as drill sargents,   using intense verbal tactics designed to break down inmates resistance and lead to constructive changes. Boot camps have three main goals: reducing recidivism, reducing prison populations, and reducing costs. As for two of the three goals the Boot Camps showed positive results, however, for reducing recidivism it had a 52% fa il rate, mostly because of such short terms. The average term was 90 to 120 days which are definitely not long enough to show a change in the recidivism. Electronic Monitoring is another popular alternative to prison which is also known as tagging. This is a device that is usually attached to the wrist or ankle of the violator. The device monitors the offender and the specified location where he or she is required to be present. The device transmits an electronic signal indicating whether the offender has had any unauthorized absences or has tampered with the device. In the United States, for example, only 826 offenders participated in electronic monitoring programs in 1987; by 1998, this number had increased to over 95,000. The main aim of this study is to experimentally evaluate assess the relationship between violence and prison over-crowding. The goal is to test institution level, collective variables to decide which, if any, is violence related of different levels of severity.   The main focus of research in the past was inmate-level data, or it fell short of making sure that certain institutional factors of consequence was included.  Ã‚   In addition, information from jails and state correctional institutions, to the near exclusion had been used.   By reserving the most severe penalties for serious, high-level or violent drug traffickers, we can better promote public safety, deterrence and rehabilitation, while making our expenditures smarter and more productive.The overcrowding that has overwhelmed our Federal and State correctional facilities for almost thirty   years and it needs to be fixed. In conclusion, many nations the number of inmates depends solely on the available resources, thus manipulating the inmates in order to accommodate them in prisons environment and programs being developed and modified to cater for the requirements of the inmates. The inmates are subjected to the available resources instead of the available resources being subjected to the inmates. The increased population in the prisons has lasted for more than twenty-five years in most of the nations and it need to have been solved. However, there has been reluctance in solving the problem thus denying the inmates their rights to have a better life in the prisons. The prisons have turned to be places of torture rather than places of correcting behaviors.